Jan 27 2009
Augustus and Pax Romana
Augustus, the first Roman emperor was born in 63 BC. His father, although a general, was a plebejan but is mother was a patrician. Augustus was born as Octavian and only when he was adopted by his great uncle (on his mother’ side) Julius Caesar in 44BC did his future as Caesar’s successor become clear and he changed his name in accordance with Roman law and custom.
Augustus first came to political influence as a member of the second triumvirat. Power struggles tore it apart and Augustus won influence, wealth and the support of his legions and soldiers, the three vital pillars of all Roman emperors after him. His military exploits earned him honour upon honour from the senate and he established an autocratic rule. Outward y though, Augustus was careful to maintain a Roman Republic and to avoid any acclaim as ‘dictator’ or ‘emperor’ but in fact he acted as such. He was also immensely popular with the Roman public.
Although appointed consul, practically for life, it took many twists and turns and complicated negotiations with the senate by way of two constututional settlements, until Augustus was fully established and bestowed the title of deity. After Mark Antony’s defeat in the battle of Actum and his suicide along with Cleopatra’s, there was no turning back of Augustus’ sole reign.
Under his long rule, Rome lived through a period of comparative peace and quiet, known in history as Pax Romana or Pax Augusta. He established a courier system, built an ample roadnet together with extensive construction in the city of Rome, enforced tax reforms and grain distribution. Under him, the Roman state changed forever.
In 14AD, Augustus died peacefully whilst on a trip to Nola, the birthtown of his father. He appointed Tiberius as his heir and successor and the chain of Roman emperors began.
